Chemistry / by Steven S. Zumdahl.

Includes index.

1. Chemical foundations -- 1.1. Chemistry : an overview -- Chemical impact : the chemistry of art -- 1.2. The scientific method -- 1.3. Units of measurement -- Chemical impact : critical units! -- 1.4. Uncertainty in measurement -- 1.5. Significant figures and calculations -- 1.6. Dimensional analysis -- 1.7. Temperature -- 1.8. Density -- 1.9. Classification of matter -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 2. Atoms, molecules, and ions -- 2.1. The early history of chemistry -- Chemical impact : there's gold in them there plants! -- 2.2. Fundamental chemical laws -- 2.3. Dalton's atomic theory -- 2.4. Early experiments to characterize the atom -- Chemical impact : Berzelius, selenium, and silicon -- 2.5. The modern view of atomic structure : an introduction -- Chemical impact : reading the history of bogs -- 2.6. Molecules and ions -- 2.7. An introduction to the periodic table -- Chemical impact : hassium fits right in -- 2.8. Naming simple compounds -- Chemical impact : Buckminsterfullerene : a new form of carbon -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises --

3. Stoichiometry -- 3.1. Atomic masses -- Chemical impact : buckyballs teach some history -- 3.2. The mole -- Chemical impact : elemental analysis catches elephant poachers -- 3.3. Molar mass -- Chemical impact : measuring the masses of large molecules, or making elephants fly -- 3.4. Percent composition of compounds -- 3.5. Determining the formula of a compound -- 3.6. Chemical equations -- 3.7. Balancing chemical equations -- 3.8. Stoichiometric calculations : amounts of reactants and products -- Chemical impact : high mountains, low octane -- 3.9. Calculations involving a limiting reactant -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 4. Types of chemical reactions and solution stoichiometry -- 4.1. Water, the common solvent -- 4.2. The nature of aqueous solutions : strong and weak electrolytes -- Chemical impact : Arrhenius : a man with solutions -- 4.3. The composition of solutions -- Chemical impact : tiny laboratories -- 4.4. Types of chemical reactions -- 4.5. Precipitation reactions -- 4.6. Describing reactions in solution -- 4.7. Stoichiometry of precipitation reactions -- 4.8. Acid-base reactions -- 4.9. Oxidation-reduction reactions -- Chemical impact : iron zeroes in on pollution -- Chemical impact : aging : does it involve oxidation? -- 4.10. Balancing oxidation-reduction equations -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises --

5. Gases -- 5.1. Pressure -- 5.2. The gas laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro -- 5.3. The ideal gas law -- 5.4. Gas stoichiometry -- 5.5. Dalton's law of partial pressures -- Chemical impact : separating gases -- Chemical impact : the chemistry of air bags -- 5.6. The kinetic molecular theory of gases -- 5.7. Effusion and diffusion -- 5.8. Real gases -- 5.9. Chemistry in the atmosphere -- Chemical impact : acid rain : a growing problem -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 6. Thermochemistry -- 6.1. The nature of energy -- 6.2. Enthalpy and calorimetry -- Chemical impact : nature has hot plants -- Chemical impact : firewalking : magic or science? -- 6.3. Hess's law -- 6.4. Standard enthalpies of formation -- 6.5. Present sources of energy -- 6.6. New energy sources -- Chemical impact : farming the wind -- Chemical impact : veggie gasoline? -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises --

7. Atomic structure and periodicity -- 7.1. Electromagnetic radiation -- Chemical impact : flies that dye -- 7.2. The nature of matter -- Chemical impact : chemistry that doesn't leave you in the dark -- 7.3. The atomic spectrum of hydrogen -- 7.4. The Bohr model -- Chemical impact : fireworks -- 7.5. The quantum mechanical model of the atom -- 7.6. Quantum numbers -- 7.7. Orbital shapes and energies -- 7.8. Electron spin and the Pauli principle -- 7.9. Polyelectronic atoms -- 7.10. The history of the periodic table -- Chemical impact : the growing periodic table -- 7.11. The Aufbau principle and the periodic table -- 7.12. Periodic trends in atomic properties -- 7.13. The properties of a group : the alkali metals -- Chemical impact : potassium : too much of a good thing can kill you -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises --

8. Bonding : general concepts -- 8.1. Types of chemical bonds -- Chemical impact : no lead pencils -- 8.2. Electronegativity -- 8.3. Bond polarity and dipole moments -- 8.4. Ions : electron configurations and sizes -- 8.5. Formation of binary ionic compounds -- 8.6. Partial ionic character of covalent bonds -- 8.7. The covalent chemical bond : a model -- 8.8. Covalent bond energies and chemical reactions -- 8.9. The localized electron bonding model -- 8.10. Lewis structures -- Chemical impact : nitrogen under pressure -- 8.11. Exceptions to the octet rule -- 8.12. Resonance -- 8.13. Molecular structure : the VSEPR model -- Chemical impact : chemical structure and communication : semiochemicals -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 9. Covalent bonding : orbitals -- 9.1. Hybridization and the localized electron model -- 9.2. The molecular orbital model -- 9.3. Bonding in homonuclear diatomic molecules -- 9.4. Bonding in heteronuclear diatomic molecules -- 9.5. Combining the localized electron and molecular orbital models -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises --

10. Liquids and solids -- 10.1. Intermolecular forces -- 10.2. The liquid state -- 10.3. An introduction to structures and types of solids -- 10.4. Structure and bonding in metals -- Chemical impact : seething surfaces -- Chemical impact : what sank the Titanic? -- 10.5. Carbon and silicon : network atomic solids -- Chemical impact : golfing with glass -- Chemical impact : transistors and printed circuits -- 10.6. Molecular solids -- 10.7. Ionic solids -- Chemical impact : gallium arsenide lasers -- 10.8. Vapor pressure and changes of state -- 10.9. Phase diagrams -- Chemical impact : making diamonds at low pressures : fooling Mother Nature -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 11. Properties of solutions -- 11.1. Solution composition -- Chemical impact : electronic ink -- 11.2. The energies of solution formation -- 11.3. Factors affecting solubility -- Chemical impact : ionic liquids? -- Chemical impact : the Lake Nyos tragedy -- 11.4. The vapor pressures of solutions -- Chemical impact : spray power -- 11.5. Boiling-point elevation and freezing-point depression -- 11.6. Osmotic pressure -- 11.7. Colligative properties of electrolyte solutions -- Chemical impact : the drink of champions, water -- 11.8. Colloids -- Chemical impact : organisms and ice formation -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises --

12. Chemical kinetics -- 12.1. Reaction rates -- 12.2. Rate laws : an introduction -- 12.3. Determining the form of the rate law -- 12.4. The integrated rate law -- 12.5. Rate laws : a summary -- 12.6. Reaction mechanisms -- 12.7. A model for chemical kinetics -- 12.8. Catalysis -- Chemical impact : automobiles : air purifiers? -- Chemical impact : enzymes : nature's catalysts -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 13. Chemical equilibrium -- 13.1. The equilibrium condition -- 13.2. The equilibrium constant -- 13.3. Equilibrium expressions involving pressures -- 13.4. Heterogeneous equilibria -- 13.5. Applications of the equilibrium constant -- 13.6. Solving equilibrium problems -- 13.7. Le Châtelier's principle -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 14. Acids and bases -- 14.1. The nature of acids and bases -- 14.2. Acid strength -- 14.3. The pH scale -- 14.4. Calculating the pH of strong acid solutions -- 14.5. Calculating the pH of weak acid solutions -- Chemical impact : household chemistry -- 14.6. Bases -- Chemical impact : amines -- 14.7. Polyprotic acids -- 14.8. Acid-base properties of salts -- 14.9. The effect of structure on acid-base properties -- 14.10. Acid-base properties of oxides -- 14.11. The Lewis acid-base model -- Chemical impact : self-destructing paper -- 14.12. Strategy for solving acid-base problems : a summary -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises --

15. Applications of aqueous equilibria -- Acid-base equilibria -- 15.1. Solutions of acids or bases containing a common ion -- 15.2. Buffered solutions -- 15.3. Buffer capacity -- 15.4. Titrations and pH curves -- 15.5. Acid-base indicators -- Solubility equilibria -- 15.6. Solubility equilibria and the solubility product -- Chemical impact : the chemistry of teeth -- 15.7. Precipitation and qualitative analysis -- Complex ion equilibria -- 15.8. Equilibria involving complex ions -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 16. Spontaneity, entropy, and free energy -- 16.1. Spontaneous processes and entropy -- 16.2. Entropy and the second law of thermodynamics -- Chemical impact : entrophy : an organizing force? -- 16.3. The effect of temperature on spontaneity -- 16.4. Free energy -- 16.5. Entropy changes in chemical reactions -- 16.6. Free energy and chemical reactions -- 16.7. The dependence of free energy on pressure -- 16.8. Free energy and equilibrium -- 16.9. Free energy and work -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises --

17. Electrochemistry -- 17.1. Galvanic cells -- 17.2. Standard reduction potentials -- 17.3. Cell potential, electrical work, and free energy -- 17.4. Dependence of cell potential on concentration -- 17.5. Batteries -- Chemical impact : printed batteries -- Chemical impact : thermophotovoltaics : electricity from heat -- Chemical impact : fuel cells for cars -- 17.6. Corrosion -- Chemical impact : paint that stops rust, completely -- 17.7. Electrolysis -- Chemical impact : the chemistry of sunken treasure -- 17.8. Commercial electrolytic processes -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 18. The nucleus : a chemist's view -- 18.1. Nuclear stability and radioactive decay -- 18.2. The kinetics of radioactive decay -- 18.3. Nuclear transformations -- Chemical impact : stellar nucleosynthesis -- 18.4. Detection and uses of radioactivity -- 18.5. Thermodynamic stability of the nucleus -- 18.6. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion -- 18.7. Effects of radiation -- Chemical impact : nuclear physics : an introduction -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises --

19. The representative elements : groups 1A through 4A -- 19.1. A survey of the representative elements -- 19.2. The group 1A elements -- 19.3. Hydrogen -- 19.4. The group 2A elements -- 19.5. The group 3A elements -- Chemical impact : boost your boron -- 19.6. The group 4A elements -- Chemical impact : concrete learning -- Chemical impact : Beethoven : hair is the story -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 20. The representative elements : groups 5A through 8A -- 20.1. The group 5A elements -- 20.2. The chemistry of nitrogen -- Chemical impact : nitrous oxide : laughing gas that propels whipped cream and cars -- 20.3. The chemistry of phosphorus -- Chemical impact : phosphorus : an illuminating element -- 20.4. The group 6A elements -- 20.5. The chemistry of oxygen -- 20.6. The chemistry of sulfur -- 20.7. The group 7A elements -- Chemical impact : photography -- 20.8. The group 8A elements -- Chemical impact : automatic sunglasses -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises --

21. Transition metals and coordination chemistry -- 21.1. The transition metals : a survey -- 21.2. The first-row transition metals -- Chemical impact : titanium dioxide, miracle coating -- Chemical impact : titanium makes great bicycles -- 21.3. Coordination compounds -- Chemical impact : Alfred Werner : coordination chemist -- 21.4. Isomerism -- Chemical impact : the importance of being cis -- 21.5. Bonding in complex ions : the localized electron model -- 21.6. The crystal field model -- Chemical impact : transition metal ions lend color to gems -- 21.7. The biologic importance of coordination complexes -- Chemical impact : the danger of mercury -- Chemical impact : supercharged blood -- 21.8. Metallurgy and iron and steel production -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises -- 22. Organic and biological molecules -- 22.1. Alkanes : saturated hydrocarbons -- 22.2. Alkenes and alkynes -- 22.3. Aromatic hydrocarbons -- 22.4. Hydrocarbon derivatives -- 22.5. Polymers -- Chemical impact : heal thyself -- Chemical impact : Wallace Hume Carothers -- Chemical impact : plastic that talks and listens -- 22.6. Natural polymers -- Chemical impact : tanning in the shade -- Summary -- Key terms -- Questions and exercises --

Appendix 1. Mathematical procedures -- A1.1. Exponential notation -- A1.2. Logarithms -- A1.3. Graphing functions -- A1.4. Solving quadratic equations -- A1.5. Uncertainties in measurements -- Appendix 2. The quantitative kinetic molecular model -- Appendix 3. Spectral analysis -- Appendix 4. Selected thermodynamic data -- Appendix 5. Equilibrium constants and reduction potentials -- A5.1. Values of Ka for some common monoprotic acids -- A5.2. Stepwise dissociation constants for several common polyprotic acids -- A5.3. Values of Kb for some common weak bases -- A5.4. Ksp values at 25°C for common ionic solids -- A5.5. Standard reduction potentials at 25°C (298K) for many common half-reactions -- Appendix 6. SI units and conversion factors -- Glossary -- Answers to selected exercises -- Photo credits -- Index.